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Insights
Science
ComplianceFar-UVC research library
Relevant far-UVC publications from research groups around the world, collected in one place. All credit goes to the researchers behind each study. Open any entry for a short summary and a link to the original paper.
Research from UV Medico
At UV Medico, our scientists and engineers are driven by one question: does far-UVC make a real difference where people live and work? That question takes us out of the lab and into the real world.
Mold. Low doses of far-UVC, kept below the exposure limit, held back the growth of common mold. PLOS ONE, 2024
Long-term care. In 12 care homes in Vejle, Denmark, homes with far-UVC showed signs of fewer hospital-treated infections and fewer antibiotic prescriptions among residents. Early results, to be confirmed in a randomised trial. ASHE, 2026
Efficacy
How filtered 222 nm far-UVC inactivates bacteria, viruses and fungi in air, on surfaces and in water, and the mechanisms behind it.
Air & surfaces
Co-generated particles, but not ambient particles, shield bioaerosols from far-UVC inactivation and increase exposure to viable bioaerosolsHuang et al., 2025
In dental aerosols, particles generated during procedures roughly halved far-UVC susceptibility of bacteria and viruses, while ambient particles had no shielding effect.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
A review of UVC air disinfection for built environments: inactivation mechanisms, kinetic models, and influencing determinantsLi et al., 2025
Review of UVC air disinfection covering mechanisms, irradiance models and factors such as airflow and humidity, with far-UVC highlighted as a future direction.
Journal of Environmental Management · Review Read the source →
Investigation of far-UVC (222 nm) disinfection of bioaerosols deposited on surfaces with different material propertiesGuo & Chen, 2024
Far-UVC reduced E. coli on 14 common materials by 69–99% at 100 J/m². Porosity and surface wetness lowered efficacy, while roughness and electrostatic charge had little effect.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
Far-UV-C irradiation promotes synergistic bactericidal action against adhered cells of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidisSousa et al., 2024
Combining 222 nm with low-dose chlorine and mechanical cleaning gave a synergistic effect against bacteria on surfaces, allowing lower chemical use.
Science of the Total Environment · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC: technology update with an untapped potential to mitigate airborne infectionsBueno de Mesquita et al., 2023
Perspective on the status of far-UVC technology and its potential to reduce airborne infection transmission indoors.
Annals of the American Thoracic Society · Review Read the source →
Study on disinfection effect of a 222-nm UVC excimer lamp on object surfaceNing et al., 2023
Tested a 222 nm lamp against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa on stainless steel and identified how suspension medium, drying and temperature affect surface disinfection.
AMB Express · Lab Read the source →
Ultraviolet-C light at 222 nm has a high disinfecting spectrum in environments contaminated by infectious pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2Song et al., 2023
About 25–27 mJ/cm² of 222 nm achieved more than 95% inactivation of bacteria, avian influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (including Delta and Omicron) in liquid and on fabric.
PLoS ONE · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC (222 nm) efficiently inactivates an airborne pathogen in a room-sized chamberEadie et al., 2022
In a room-sized chamber, filtered 222 nm lamps operated within ACGIH skin limits reduced airborne S. aureus by 98.4%, equal to about 184 extra air changes per hour.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Temporal and spatial far-ultraviolet disinfection of exhaled bioaerosols in a mechanically ventilated spaceXia et al., 2022
In a ventilated chamber with a breathing manikin, 222 nm lowered exhaled bioaerosol concentrations at all ventilation rates, with the largest relative benefit at lower ventilation.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
Viruses
Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfacesBai et al., 2026
222 nm reduced human norovirus infectivity at least as well as 254 nm and damaged viral capsids significantly more.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
The susceptibility of airborne SARS-CoV-2 to far-UVC irradiationAngel et al., 2025
Measured the susceptibility of airborne SARS-CoV-2 in saliva to 222 nm. At 25% of the exposure limit, modelled equivalent air changes exceeded 62 per hour at 65% humidity.
bioRxiv (preprint) · Lab Read the source →
Wavelength-specific inactivation mechanisms and efficacies of germicidal UVC for airborne human coronavirusLu et al., 2025
For airborne coronavirus OC43, 222 nm was the most effective source tested, achieving 5-log inactivation at under 1 mJ/cm² mainly by damaging spike and nucleocapsid proteins.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
Comparative study of inactivation efficacy of far-UVC (222 nm) and germicidal UVC (254 nm) radiation against virus-laden aerosols of artificial human salivaMonika et al., 2025
Compared filtered 222 nm and 254 nm against virus aerosols in artificial saliva and buffer in an air disinfection chamber.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC (222 nm) irradiation effectively inactivates ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA viruses as compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm)Monika et al., 2024
Filtered 222 nm effectively inactivated four virus types with different genomes and shapes in droplets mimicking those deposited on surfaces.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet light inactivation for SARS-CoV-2 omicron variantsFujimoto et al., 2023
220 nm inactivated SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 and BA.5 about as effectively as 260 nm, and both variants showed the same UV sensitivity.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
UV222 disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in solutionRobinson et al., 2022
First dose–response data for SARS-CoV-2 exposed to filtered 222 nm: about 1.6 mJ/cm² reduced infectivity by 90%.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Evaluation of UVC excimer lamp (222 nm) efficacy for coronavirus inactivation in an animal modelTucciarone et al., 2022
An aerosolised avian coronavirus vaccine irradiated with 222 nm failed to infect chicks, while the non-irradiated control did, showing inactivation below the infectious dose.
Viruses · Animal study Read the source →
Inactivation rates for airborne human coronavirus by low doses of 222 nm far-UVC radiationWelch et al., 2022
Refined dose–response data for airborne coronavirus OC43 and found its susceptibility to 222 nm at low doses is more than double earlier estimates.
Viruses · Lab Read the source →
Improved estimates of 222 nm far-UVC susceptibility for aerosolized human coronavirus via a validated high-fidelity coupled radiation-CFD codeBuchan et al., 2021
Validated a radiation-CFD model against measurements and found airborne coronaviruses about 70% more susceptible to far-UVC than earlier estimates.
Scientific Reports · Modelling Read the source →
222-nm ultraviolet light inactivates dried inocula of human rhinovirus and human coronavirus on a glass carrierJones & Norton, 2021
Showed that 222 nm inactivates dried rhinovirus and coronavirus on glass surfaces.
Journal of Hospital Infection · Lab Read the source →
Inactivation of coronaviruses and phage Phi6 from irradiation across UVC wavelengthsMa et al., 2021
Compared five UVC sources from 222 to 282 nm. The 222 nm KrCl excimer gave the highest inactivation rate for all three enveloped viruses tested.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters · Lab Read the source →
UV inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 across the UVC spectrum: KrCl* excimer, mercury-vapor, and light-emitting-diode (LED) sourcesMa et al., 2021
SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated across the UVC range, with 222 nm giving the best disinfection performance of the sources tested.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronavirusesBuonanno et al., 2020
Low doses of 222 nm (1.2–1.7 mJ/cm²) inactivated 99.9% of two airborne human coronaviruses. At exposure-limit levels, the authors estimate 99.9% inactivation in about 25 minutes.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Effectiveness of 222-nm ultraviolet light on disinfecting SARS-CoV-2 surface contaminationKitagawa et al., 2020
1 and 3 mJ/cm² of 222 nm reduced viable SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces by 88.5% and 99.7% respectively.
American Journal of Infection Control · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC light: a new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseasesWelch et al., 2018
First demonstration that a very low dose of 222 nm (2 mJ/cm²) inactivated more than 95% of aerosolised H1N1 influenza virus.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Bacteria & fungi
Antimicrobial effect and safety of 228 nm far-UVC light-emitting diodesFujikawa et al., 2026
First evaluation of a 228 nm far-UVC LED, showing growth inhibition of several bacteria and yeast and assessing skin effects in mice.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · Lab Read the source →
Disinfection and damage of nontuberculous mycobacteria by different UV wavelengthsLiu et al., 2026
Compared 222 nm and 254 nm against two nontuberculous mycobacteria species and their colony types, with the clinically relevant species more resistant to both.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Inactivating effect of 222-nm far ultraviolet-C radiation on nontuberculous mycobacteriaKajiwara et al., 2025
222 nm showed an irradiance-dependent inactivating effect on nontuberculous mycobacteria, with potential for water disinfection.
American Journal of Infection Control · Lab Read the source →
Impact of inoculum composition on bacteria and bacteriophage UVC inactivation at 222 nm and 254 nmRatliff et al., 2025
Soil load reduced the efficacy of 222 nm more than 254 nm, and both were less effective on dried than wet droplets, underlining the need for realistic test conditions.
Letters in Applied Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Fungal photoinactivation doses for UV radiation and visible light – a data collectionGierke et al., 2024
Compiled around 400 data sets from 100 years of literature on doses needed to inactivate fungi, including far-UVC, as a reference for disinfection planning.
AIMS Microbiology · Review Read the source →
The antibacterial efficacy of far-UVC light: a combined-method study exploring the effects of experimental and bacterial variables on dose–responseGriffin et al., 2024
Combined experiments with a systematic review of 25 studies to show how species, Gram type, cell density and irradiance affect far-UVC dose–response.
Pathogens · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently inactivates clinically significant antibiotic-resistant bacteria on diverse material surfacesHuang et al., 2024
222 nm inactivated clinical isolates of MRSA, VRE and carbapenem-resistant bacteria on a range of high-touch hospital surface materials.
Microbiology Spectrum · Lab Read the source →
Investigations on the surface disinfection efficacy of far-UVC 222 nm germicidal irradiance device in a controlled environment and field testLeow et al., 2024
Tested a 222 nm device in a laboratory and a meeting room, measuring the time needed at low irradiance to reduce bacteria on tabletops.
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering · Field / in use Read the source →
Evaluating the performance of UV disinfection across the 222–365 nm spectrum against aerosolized bacteria and virusesLu et al., 2024
Compared six UV sources against airborne bacteria and viruses; the 222 nm KrCl excilamp was the most efficient at inactivating them.
Environmental Science & Technology · Lab Read the source →
Evaluation of an automated wall-mounted far ultraviolet-C light technology for continuous or intermittent decontamination of Candida auris on surfacesMemic et al., 2024
A wall-mounted far-UVC device reduced Candida auris from all four clades by more than 3 log on steel in 8 hours, and by more than 2 log on portable equipment in an equipment room in 4 hours.
Pathogens and Immunity · Field / in use Read the source →
Intermittent low-dose far-UVC irradiation inhibits growth of common mold below threshold limit valueMogensen & Holm, 2024
UV Medico study: low-dose on/off far-UVC cycles, kept below the 23 mJ/cm² exposure limit, significantly inhibited the growth of common mold (Penicillium).
PLoS ONE · Lab Read the source →
Susceptibility of extremophiles to far-UVC light for bioburden reduction in spacecraft assembly facilitiesPetersen et al., 2024
All tested vegetative bacteria relevant to spacecraft cleanrooms were susceptible to 222 nm, though sensitivity varied, with Deinococcus radiodurans the most resistant.
Life Sciences in Space Research · Lab Read the source →
Antimicrobial activity of filtered far-UVC light (222 nm) against different pathogensLorenzo-Leal et al., 2023
Filtered 222 nm light inhibited the growth of a panel of hospital-relevant bacteria and yeasts dried on plastic surfaces, with exposure times varying by organism.
BioMed Research International · Lab Read the source →
Synergistic disinfection of aerosolized bacteria and bacteriophage by far-UVC (222-nm) and negative air ionsLu et al., 2023
Far-UVC and negative air ions each inactivated airborne bacteria and viruses; combined, they gave the strongest effect on bacteria, while the viruses were more sensitive to 222 nm.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
Treatment of the Candida subspecies Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis with two far-UVC sources to minimise mycoses in clinical practiceSchleusener et al., 2023
222 nm and 233 nm reached antifungal doses against Candida at 40 mJ/cm², causing only minor, superficial skin effects in tissue models.
Mycoses · Lab Read the source →
The bactericidal effect of far-UVC on ESBL-producing Escherichia coliFukuda et al., 2022
Far-UVC inactivated ESBL-producing E. coli as effectively as the non-resistant strain, regardless of antibiotic resistance profile.
American Journal of Infection Control · Lab Read the source →
Investigation on potential ESKAPE surrogates for 222 and 254 nm irradiation experimentsGierke & Heßling, 2022
Identified non-pathogenic bacteria that can stand in for ESKAPE pathogens in 222 nm and 254 nm experiments, and compared their sensitivity at both wavelengths.
Frontiers in Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Inactivation of biofilm-bound bacterial cells using irradiation across UVC wavelengthsMa et al., 2022
Compared five UVC sources, including 222 nm, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms of different maturity, and measured how UV passes through biofilm.
Water Research · Lab Read the source →
Application of 233 nm far-UVC LEDs for eradication of MRSA and MSSA and risk assessment on skin modelsZwicker et al., 2022
A 233 nm LED source achieved a 5-log reduction of MRSA at 40 mJ/cm² without soil load, while skin models showed no loss of viability and only minimal, transient DNA damage.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Skin tolerant inactivation of multiresistant pathogens using far-UVC LEDsGlaab et al., 2021
A filtered 233 nm LED source inactivated MRSA at 15–40 mJ/cm², while causing 11–14 times less DNA damage in porcine skin than 254 nm.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
The impact of far-UVC radiation (200–230 nm) on pathogens, cells, skin, and eyes – a collection and analysis of a hundred years of dataHessling et al., 2021
Collected a century of data on far-UVC efficacy and effects on cells, skin and eyes, concluding the approach is promising while highlighting the evidence gaps at the time.
GMS Hygiene and Infection Control · Review Read the source →
Ultraviolet C light with wavelength of 222 nm inactivates a wide spectrum of microbial pathogensNarita et al., 2020
Tested 222 nm against a wide range of bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses found in healthcare. It was as effective as 254 nm against vegetative bacteria, yeast and viruses, and more effective against bacterial spores.
Journal of Hospital Infection · Lab Read the source →
Far-UVC light as a new tool to reduce microbial burden during spacecraft assemblySeuylemezian et al., 2020
Investigated 222 nm far-UVC for reducing microbial bioburden in spacecraft assembly cleanrooms, where conventional methods are limited.
Advances in Space Research · Lab Read the source →
DNA damage kills bacterial spores and cells exposed to 222-nanometer UV radiationTaylor et al., 2020
Identified DNA damage as the main way 222 nm inactivates growing bacteria and spores of several pathogens, and showed that 222 nm also inactivates a herpesvirus.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 grown at low temperatures to the krypton-chlorine excilampLee et al., 2019
222 nm inactivated E. coli O157:H7 more effectively than 254 nm, especially in bacteria grown at low temperatures, with lipid oxidation identified as an important mechanism.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Ultraviolet disinfection with 222 nm for inactivation of UV-resistant pathogensClauss et al., 2009
Early work by Clauss on using 222 nm excimer lamps to inactivate UV-resistant pathogens, building on the finding that 222 nm is particularly efficient against resistant organisms.
Lab
Efficiency of KrCl excilamp (222 nm) for inactivation of bacteria in suspensionMatafonova et al., 2008
A KrCl lamp at 222 nm rapidly inactivated several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in liquid suspension, including E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus, within seconds at low doses.
Letters in Applied Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Higher effectiveness of photoinactivation of bacterial spores, UV resistant vegetative bacteria and mold spores with 222 nm compared to 254 nm wavelengthClauß, 2006
Eleven bacteria, spores and mold species were exposed to 222 nm and 254 nm. 222 nm was more efficient against UV-resistant organisms and those with strong repair mechanisms, including bacterial spores and mold spores.
Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica · Lab Read the source →
Photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterolytica after irradiation with a 222 nm excimer lamp compared to a 254 nm low-pressure mercury lampClauß et al., 2005
Compared how well E. coli and Yersinia recover (photoreactivate) after 222 nm and 254 nm exposure. Without light-driven repair, 254 nm needed lower doses; once repair was allowed, 222 nm achieved the same reduction with lower doses.
Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica · Lab Read the source →
Wound care & biofilm
Far-ultraviolet irradiation at 222 nm destroys and sterilizes the biofilms formed by periodontitis pathogensNishikawa et al., 2024
222 nm was bactericidal against periodontal pathogens and disrupted their biofilms; a fibre-type irradiator was also tested in rodent models.
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection · Lab Read the source →
Disinfection and healing effects of 222-nm UVC light on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in mouse woundsNarita et al., 2018
In a mouse wound model, 222 nm reduced MRSA as well as or better than 254 nm, without impairing wound healing or causing detectable DNA damage in the skin.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · Animal study Read the source →
Far-UVC light prevents MRSA infection of superficial wounds in vivoPonnaiya et al., 2018
In a mouse model of surgical wound contamination, filtered 222 nm light reduced MRSA infection as efficiently as 254 nm, without inducing skin damage.
PLoS ONE · Animal study Read the source →
Water
Superiority of UV222 radiation by in situ aquatic electrode KrCl excimer in disinfecting waterborne pathogens: mechanism and efficacyLi et al., 2023
A KrCl lamp at 222 nm fully inactivated MS2, E. coli and S. aureus in water at doses at least half those needed at 254 nm, by damaging proteins, genomes and cell membranes.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
Rapid inactivation of fungal spores in drinking water by far-UVC photolysis of free chlorineWang et al., 2023
Combining 222 nm with free chlorine inactivated chlorine-resistant Aspergillus niger spores in drinking water much faster than either alone or than 254 nm with chlorine.
Environmental Science & Technology · Lab Read the source →
Application of the 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and 280 nm UVC light-emitting diode for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in water with various turbiditiesKim et al., 2020
Compared 222 nm and 280 nm UV-LED inactivation of Listeria and Salmonella in water of different turbidity.
LWT · Lab Read the source →
Mechanism and efficacy of virus inactivation by a microplasma UV lamp generating monochromatic UV irradiation at 222 nmOh et al., 2020
A 222 nm microplasma lamp inactivated adenovirus 4.4 times faster than low-pressure mercury UV, mainly by damaging capsid proteins.
Water Research · Lab Read the source →
Mechanism of action
Role of nitrate-driven radical formation in microorganism inactivation under 222 nm UV irradiationPousty et al., 2026
In water containing nitrate, 222 nm produced hydroxyl radicals that enhanced virus inactivation beyond direct photolysis.
ACS ES&T Water · Lab Read the source →
Reactive oxygen species are involved in inhibition of photoreactivation of Staphylococcus aureus irradiated with 222-nm far ultraviolet CFukushi et al., 2025
S. aureus recovered less after 222 nm than after 254 nm, and higher reactive oxygen species production appears to explain the reduced recovery.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Reactive oxygen species generated by irradiation with bandpass-filtered 222-nm far-UVC play an important role in the germicidal mechanism to Escherichia coliNarita et al., 2024
Filtered 222 nm caused DNA damage in E. coli that was not repaired by photoreactivation, and reactive oxygen species contributed to its germicidal effect.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Light tolerance of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli strains after repetitive exposure to far-UVC and blue LED lightGardner et al., 2023
Combined 222 nm and 405 nm light acted synergistically against ESBL E. coli. Repeated long exposures led to light tolerance in resistant strains, a point to monitor in practice.
Journal of Applied Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Photobiochemical mechanisms of biomolecules relevant to germicidal ultraviolet irradiation at 222 and 254 nmNaito et al., 2022
Examined how 222 nm and 254 nm damage DNA, RNA and proteins, and how photorepair differs between the two wavelengths.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
The synergistic bactericidal mechanism of simultaneous treatment with a 222-nanometer krypton-chlorine excilamp and a 254-nanometer low-pressure mercury lampKang & Kang, 2019
Combining 222 nm and 254 nm produced a synergistic bactericidal effect, and the study explains the mechanism behind it, relevant for water disinfection.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Wavelength-dependent damage to adenoviral proteins across the germicidal UV spectrumBeck et al., 2018
Mapped damage to adenovirus proteins from 200 to 300 nm. Protein damage was greatest below 240 nm, explaining why far-UVC is effective against this highly UV-resistant virus.
Environmental Science & Technology · Lab Read the source →
Effective photoinactivation of alpha-amylase, catalase and urease at 222 nm emitted by a KrCl excimer lampClauß & Grotjohann, 2008
Showed that 222 nm inactivates enzymes far more effectively than 254 nm, with clear protein degradation at 222 nm. Supports protein damage as a key mechanism of far-UVC.
CLEAN - Soil Air Water · Lab Read the source →
Resistance & repair
Determinants of microbial resistance to far-UVC 222 nm in healthcare pathogens: a narrative reviewPrismasari et al., 2026
Review explaining why sensitivity to 222 nm differs: enveloped viruses are most sensitive, then Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with biofilms and C. difficile spores the most resistant.
Life · Review Read the source →
Far-UVC (222 nm) suppresses bacterial UV resistance and repair through inhibition of DNA repair pathwaysJing et al., 2025
222 nm and 254 nm caused similar DNA damage, but 222 nm also destroyed repair enzymes and suppressed the key repair regulator recA, overcoming UV resistance.
Environmental Science & Technology · Lab Read the source →
Resistance development in Escherichia coli against far-UVC irradiationPoblotzki et al., 2025
Examined whether repeated 222 nm exposure over ten cycles leads to radiation resistance in E. coli and whether any adaptation persists.
Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering · Lab Read the source →
Suppression of photoreactivation of E. coli by excimer far-UV light (222 nm) via damage to multiple targetsJing et al., 2024
E. coli treated with 254 nm recovered after visible light exposure, while 222 nm-treated bacteria showed negligible recovery, because 222 nm also damages membranes and repair enzymes.
Water Research · Lab Read the source →
222 nm causes greater protein damage and repair inhibition of E. coli than 254 nm for water disinfectionMcdonald et al., 2024
Inactivation rates in water were similar at 222 and 254 nm, but 222 nm caused more damage to the bacterial repair enzyme photolyase, limiting recovery.
PLOS Water · Lab Read the source →
Reviews & meta-analyses
Current overview of environmental disinfection and decolonization of C. auris: a systematic review from 2020 to 2025Friasdeleon et al., 2025
Systematic review of 52 studies on disinfecting and decolonising Candida auris, including UV, with efficacy depending on dose and exposure time.
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · Review Read the source →
Disinfection efficacy and safety of 222-nm ultraviolet C compared with 254-nm ultraviolet C: systematic review and meta-analysisLiu et al., 2025
Meta-analysis of 25 publications: 222 nm was more effective for disinfection than 254 nm (pooled odds ratio 1.38), and the authors also assessed skin and eye outcomes.
Journal of Hospital Infection · Review Read the source →
Far UV-C radiation: an emerging tool for pandemic controlBlatchley et al., 2022
Review explaining why far-UVC is well suited to airborne pathogen control: high efficacy, very limited penetration into skin and eyes, and modest ozone that ventilation can manage.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · Review Read the source →
Far-UVC light at 222 nm is showing significant potential to safely and efficiently inactivate airborne pathogens in occupied indoor locationsBrenner, 2022
Commentary reviewing the growing evidence on both the human exposure profile and the efficacy of far-UVC in laboratories and full-size rooms.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Review Read the source →
Far-UVC: current state of knowledgeInternational Ultraviolet Association, 2020
Overview by the International Ultraviolet Association of the evidence on far-UVC efficacy and human exposure, and the open research questions at the time.
IUVA · Review
Safety and human exposure
How far-UVC interacts with skin and eyes, why optical filtering matters, and the evidence behind exposure limits.
Skin
Far-ultraviolet-C exposure in patients with photosensitivity disordersChristou et al., 2026
Assessed far-UVC exposure in patients with photosensitivity disorders, a group not previously studied.
British Journal of Dermatology · Human study Read the source →
Cis-urocanic acid formation following far-UVC exposure and associated signaling responses in keratinocytesThomas et al., 2026
Showed that 222 nm converts urocanic acid in the skin's outer layer, as sunlight does, and studied the resulting signals in skin cells.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
222 nm far-UVC light and skin health: assessment of DNA damage across different skin typesBuonanno et al., 2025
Stratum corneum thickness did not vary with donor age, sex or skin type, and 222 nm caused minimal DNA damage across different skin types.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Investigation of 222-nm ultraviolet C irradiation bactericidal effect on the surgical field in a rabbit modelFukui et al., 2025
On exposed surgical fields in rabbits, 222 nm reduced bacteria as effectively as 254 nm.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
Chronic toxicity study of 222 nm ultraviolet radiationLi et al., 2025
A 90-day rat study: very high daily doses caused skin and systemic effects, while low and medium doses showed no toxicologically relevant changes.
Research Square (preprint) · Animal study Read the source →
Extending the acute skin response spectrum to include the far-UVCGutierrez-Bayona et al., 2024
Measured skin redness responses in the far-UVC range to extend the standard erythema action spectrum used to set exposure limits.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Human study Read the source →
Fluence-dependent degradation of fibrillar type I collagen by 222 nm far-UVC radiationKowalewski & Forde, 2024
Studied how 222 nm affects type I collagen, relevant for possible internal or surgical use of far-UVC.
PLoS ONE · Lab Read the source →
Comparison of different far-UVC sources with regards to intensity stability, estimated antimicrobial efficiency and potential human hazard in comparison to a conventional UVC lampSicks et al., 2024
Measured four far-UVC sources for about 100 hours. Filtered KrCl lamps were the most stable after warm-up, and sources differed in their longer-wavelength emission and hazard potential.
Proceedings · Lab Read the source →
Film dosimetry for occupant exposure monitoring within far-UVC installationsWelch et al., 2024
Validated far-UVC-sensitive film for measuring the actual doses received by people moving through two real-world far-UVC installations.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Different biological effects of exposure to far-UVC (222 nm) and near-UVC (254 nm) irradiationTavares et al., 2023
Compared cellular responses to 222 nm and 254 nm, noting that 222 nm is absorbed far more strongly by proteins.
bioRxiv (preprint) · Lab Read the source →
Safety of 222 nm UVC irradiation to the surgical site in a rabbit modelFukui et al., 2022
On exposed surgical tissues in rabbits, 254 nm caused significant DNA damage in all tissues, while 222 nm caused little or none in most.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
Improved spectral purity of 222-nm irradiation eliminates detectable cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers formation in skin reconstructs even at high and repetitive disinfecting dosesIvanova et al., 2022
Extra filtering of 222 nm lamps removed detectable DNA lesions in human skin models, even at high and repeated doses, while unfiltered UVC caused damage.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Effect of ultraviolet C emitted from KrCl excimer lamp with or without bandpass filter to mouse epidermisNarita et al., 2022
Unfiltered KrCl lamps caused DNA damage in mouse skin, while a bandpass filter prevented it, confirming the role of optical filtering in animals.
PLoS ONE · Animal study Read the source →
No evidence of induced skin cancer or other skin abnormalities after long-term (66 week) chronic exposure to 222-nm far-UVC radiationWelch et al., 2022
96 mice exposed to 222 nm for 66 weeks, 8 hours a day, showed no increase in skin cancer, abnormal growths or other skin pathology.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
Wavelength-dependent DNA photodamage in a 3-D human skin model over the far-UVC and germicidal UVC wavelength ranges from 215 to 255 nmWelch et al., 2022
Measured DNA damage in a human skin model at each wavelength from 215 to 255 nm, showing that damage to the living layers rises sharply above about 235 nm.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Modeling of ultraviolet propagation from air to human epidermis with wavelength range of 200–300 nmWu et al., 2022
A Monte Carlo model of UV penetration into skin from 200 to 300 nm, consistent with experimental findings that 222 nm at typical doses does not reach living cells.
Optics Letters · Modelling Read the source →
Exposure of human skin models to KrCl excimer lamps: the impact of optical filteringBuonanno et al., 2021
Compared filtered and unfiltered KrCl lamps on human skin models. Unfiltered lamps caused DNA damage; filtering removed it and markedly increased the allowable exposure.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Computer modeling indicates dramatically less DNA damage from far-UVC krypton chloride lamps (222 nm) than from sunlight exposureEadie et al., 2021
Modelling found that 10 minutes of moderate sunlight causes as much skin DNA damage as more than 30,000 hours of filtered far-UVC at exposure limits.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Modelling Read the source →
Extreme exposure to filtered far-UVC: a case studyEadie et al., 2021
A volunteer's forearms showed no redness even at 18,000 mJ/cm² of filtered 222 nm, far above exposure limits, underlining the importance of optical filtering.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Human study Read the source →
Depth penetration of light into skin as a function of wavelength from 200 to 1000 nmFinlayson et al., 2021
Modelled how deep light penetrates skin from 200 to 1000 nm, showing that far-UVC is absorbed in the outermost skin layer.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Modelling Read the source →
Minimal, superficial DNA damage in human skin from filtered far-ultraviolet CHickerson et al., 2021
Found that filtered far-UVC causes only minimal DNA damage, confined to the most superficial layers of human skin.
British Journal of Dermatology · Human study Read the source →
A need to revise human exposure limits for ultraviolet UV-C radiationSliney & Stuck, 2021
Reviewed the basis for current UV-C exposure limits and proposed separate, higher skin and eye limits for wavelengths below 250 nm.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Review Read the source →
Evaluation of acute reactions on mouse skin irradiated with 222 and 235 nm UV-CYamano et al., 2021
Determined the minimal visible skin response doses for 207, 222 and 235 nm in mice to help define acceptable exposure for far-UVC.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
Further evidence that far-UVC for disinfection is unlikely to cause erythema or pre-mutagenic DNA lesions in skinBarnard et al., 2020
Used light-transport modelling of skin to show that filtered far-UVC delivers very little dose to the deeper epidermis, making redness and DNA lesions unlikely.
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · Modelling Read the source →
Exploratory clinical trial on the safety and bactericidal effect of 222-nm ultraviolet C irradiation in healthy humansFukui et al., 2020
In 20 healthy volunteers, 222 nm did not cause skin redness at the doses tested and reduced bacteria on the skin.
PLoS ONE · Human study Read the source →
Viability evaluation of layered cell sheets after ultraviolet light irradiation of 222 nmHanamura et al., 2020
222 nm passed through cell sheets ten times less than 254 nm, and cells in lower layers survived 222 nm exposure but not 254 nm.
Regenerative Therapy · Lab Read the source →
Long-term effects of 222-nm ultraviolet radiation C sterilizing lamps on mice susceptible to ultraviolet radiationYamano et al., 2020
In mice highly prone to UV-induced cancer, repeated 222 nm exposure caused DNA damage only in the uppermost epidermis and no tumours.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
Chronic irradiation with 222-nm UVC light induces neither DNA damage nor epidermal lesions in mouse skin, even at high dosesNarita et al., 2018
Repeated high-dose exposure of mouse skin to 222 nm caused neither DNA damage nor epidermal lesions, supporting its use in clinical settings such as surgery.
PLoS ONE · Animal study Read the source →
Germicidal efficacy and mammalian skin safety of 222-nm UV lightBuonanno et al., 2017
Filtered 222 nm inactivated MRSA at doses comparable to 254 nm, but unlike 254 nm did not induce the main pre-mutagenic DNA lesions in human skin models.
Radiation Research · Lab Read the source →
The effect of 222-nm UVC phototesting on healthy volunteer skin: a pilot studyWoods et al., 2014
Tested an early 222 nm source with some emission above 250 nm on volunteers' skin; it could cause redness and DNA lesions, an early indication of why optical filtering matters.
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · Human study Read the source →
Eyes
Depth of DNA photodamage in human corneas exposed to 222 nm or 254 nm UVBuonanno et al., 2026
Measured how deep DNA damage reaches in human corneas exposed to 222 nm versus 254 nm, to support eye exposure limits.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
Human ocular-discomfort-free thresholds for 222 nm far-UVC irradiation: a prospective interventional studyKaidzu et al., 2026
In 36 healthy adults, identified irradiance and dose levels of 222 nm that caused no eye discomfort, with no adverse changes on eye examination.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Human study Read the source →
Wavelength-dependent DNA damage induced by single wavelengths of UV-C radiation (215 to 255 nm) in a human cornea modelBuonanno et al., 2025
In a human cornea model, wavelengths around 222 nm caused DNA damage only in the outermost layers, while longer UVC wavelengths reached deeper.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Comparative irradiation experiments on porcine corneal endothelial cells at 222 nm and 254 nmSchneider et al., 2025
Compared 222 nm and 254 nm for disinfecting donor corneas, measuring the effect on corneal endothelial cells.
Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering · Lab Read the source →
Corneal safety assessment of germicidal far UV-C radiationZamudio-Diaz et al., 2025
In ex vivo human corneas with a thin epithelium, far-UVC caused epithelial and anterior stromal damage at the doses tested, highlighting the protective role of the epithelium and the importance of exposure limits.
Scientific Reports · Lab Read the source →
Far-ultraviolet C disinfection reduces oxidative damage to the cornea compared to povidone-iodine disinfectionChen et al., 2024
In rats, 222 nm at an optimised dose disinfected the cornea more effectively than povidone-iodine, with less oxidative damage.
Antioxidants · Animal study Read the source →
Interventional human ocular safety experiments for 222-nm far-ultraviolet-C lamp irradiationSugihara et al., 2024
Five subjects exposed to 222 nm at up to 75 mJ/cm² showed no clinically significant eye changes over six months of follow-up.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Human study Read the source →
Ocular safety of 222-nm far-ultraviolet-C full-room germicidal irradiation: a 36-month clinical observationSugihara et al., 2024
Physicians working under 222 nm lamps for 36 months, within the exposure limit, showed no significant changes in any measured eye parameter.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Safety evaluation of far-UV-C irradiation to epithelial basal cells in the corneal limbusKaidzu et al., 2023
In rat and porcine eyes, 222 nm reached only the superficial layer of the corneal limbus, leaving the stem cells in the basal layer unexposed.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
222 nm far-UVC from filtered krypton-chloride excimer lamps does not cause eye irritation when deployed in a simulated office environmentKousha et al., 2023
Volunteers in a simulated office with filtered KrCl lamps reported no significant eye discomfort, immediately or days after exposure.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Human study Read the source →
Ocular and facial far-UVC doses from ceiling-mounted 222 nm far-UVC fixturesDuncan et al., 2022
Measured 8-hour eye and facial doses on a manikin under ceiling-mounted 222 nm fixtures, showing how height, position, glasses and hair affect exposure.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Lab Read the source →
One-year ocular safety observation of workers and estimations of microorganism inactivation efficacy in the room irradiated with 222-nm far ultraviolet-C lampsSugihara et al., 2022
Ophthalmologists working under 222 nm lamps for 12 months showed no acute or chronic eye or eyelid effects, and the same installation reduced microorganisms on room surfaces.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Re-evaluation of rat corneal damage by short-wavelength UV revealed extremely less hazardous property of far-UV-CKaidzu et al., 2021
In rats, 222 nm reached only the outermost corneal layer and the dose needed to cause corneal damage was far above the ACGIH threshold limit value.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Animal study Read the source →
Evaluation of acute corneal damage induced by 222-nm and 254-nm ultraviolet light in Sprague–Dawley ratsKaidzu et al., 2019
254 nm caused corneal injury in rats at 150–600 mJ/cm², while 222 nm at the same doses caused no corneal damage.
Free Radical Research · Animal study Read the source →
Reviews & exposure limits
A review on applications and safety of 222 nm far UVC light for surface and air disinfectionArzanani et al., 2025
Review of 222 nm applications in healthcare, public spaces, food and agriculture, together with exposure considerations.
Biophysical Reviews · Review Read the source →
Assessing the safety of new germicidal far-UVC technologiesGorlitz et al., 2023
Review of the evidence on skin and eye exposure to far-UVC and of where the upper exposure limits could lie.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Review Read the source →
Negligible increase in indoor endotoxin activity by 222 nm far-UVC illumination on bioaerosolsLiang et al., 2023
Found that 222 nm exposure of bioaerosols caused only a negligible increase in endotoxin activity indoors.
Environmental Science: Atmospheres · Lab Read the source →
Biological impact of shorter wavelength ultraviolet radiation-CNishigori et al., 2023
Review of the biological effects of UV-C below 254 nm, including far-UVC, and the mechanisms involved.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Review Read the source →
Safety of 222 nm bandpass-filtered far-UVCBoeing, 2020
Industry assessment of filtered 222 nm sources and their human exposure profile for use in occupied environments such as aircraft cabins.
Technical report · Review
Harmless effects of sterilizing 222-nm far-UV radiation on mouse skin and eye tissuesCadet, 2020
Commentary on rodent studies that reported no immediate or delayed harmful effects of 222 nm on skin and eye tissue.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Review Read the source →
Applications
Far-UVC studied in specific settings: hospitals and care homes, public spaces and transport, and room planning and modelling. Each entry shows the study type.
Healthcare & care facilities
In search of the holy grail of environmental cleaning and disinfection: effective and safe continuous air and surface disinfection technologiesDonskey, 2026
Review identifying far-UVC as a promising candidate for continuous air and surface disinfection in occupied healthcare spaces, while calling for more long-term data.
American Journal of Infection Control · Review Read the source →
New developments in cleaning and disinfection of portable equipmentDonskey, 2026
Review of evidence that shared portable medical equipment spreads pathogens, and of approaches, including no-touch technologies, to improve its cleaning.
American Journal of Infection Control · Review Read the source →
The potential effectiveness of far-UVC (222 nm) in preventing infections in long-term care facilities: a six-month nonrandomized controlled phase II trialKristensen et al., 2026
UV Medico co-authored trial in 12 Danish care homes with 635 residents. Homes with far-UVC showed signs of fewer hospital-treated infections and antibiotic prescriptions; the authors call the results preliminary until confirmed in a randomised trial.
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Efficacy of a far ultraviolet-C light technology for decontamination of surfaces and personal items in long-term care facility resident roomsMilner et al., 2026
Far-UVC operated for 2–4 hours while residents were out reduced contamination of surfaces and personal items in long-term care rooms.
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Application of 222-nm ultraviolet radiation C device to heal wounds and control infections in pressure injuries in intensive care unit patients: a randomized controlled trialTsai et al., 2026
Randomised trial in 70 ICU patients assessing whether daily 222 nm exposure improves pressure injury healing and lowers wound bacterial counts.
Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · Human study Read the source →
Efficacy of continuous UV-C 222 exposure of Candida auris, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and T1 bacteriophage at two soil levels in hospital patient roomsVincent et al., 2026
Cross-over study in hospital patient rooms testing continuous 222 nm against C. auris, MRSA and a viral surrogate at two soil levels at 24 locations.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
222 nm far-UVC to inactivate airborne bacteria in an occupied dental clinicWelch et al., 2026
In a 24-chair dental clinic, far-UVC reduced culturable airborne bacteria by about 40%, equal to 6.5 extra air changes per hour on top of ventilation.
Journal of Hospital Infection · Field / in use Read the source →
Ultraviolet radiation vs air filtration to mitigate virus laden aerosol in an occupied clinical roomLandry et al., 2025
Compared 254 nm and 222 nm germicidal UV with HEPA filtration against virus aerosols in a clinical room. UV was effective in poorly ventilated conditions and improved with airflow.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Field / in use Read the source →
Ceiling-mounted far-UVC fixtures reduce the surface bioburden in occupied clinical areasMogensen et al., 2025
UV Medico co-authored study: ceiling-mounted far-UVC reduced surface bioburden in occupied clinics, despite frequent recontamination from routine use by staff and patients.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
A groundbreaking solution for limited penetration of 222 nm far-UVC in large droplets: innovative design of a modified irradiator for enhanced airborne pathogen control in dental settingsMortazavi et al., 2025
Describes a dental infection control system combining far-UVC with heated air and suction to overcome far-UVC's limited penetration of large droplets.
Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering · Field / in use Read the source →
Efficacy of UVC radiation in reducing bacterial load on dental office surfacesTsolak et al., 2025
UVC exposure reduced bacterial counts on dental office surfaces by more than 99% in 5 minutes.
Dentistry Journal · Field / in use Read the source →
Evaluation of an automated far ultraviolet-C light technology for decontamination of surfaces and aerosolized viruses in bathroomsKaple et al., 2024
A wall-mounted far-UVC device operating when no one was present reduced pathogens on surfaces and aerosolised virus in a hospital bathroom.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control · Field / in use Read the source →
A far ultraviolet-C light technology is effective for decontamination of items in proximity to sinks and is enhanced by a far UV-C reflective surfaceKaple et al., 2024
29% of hospital sinks had patient care items within 1 metre of the drain. Ceiling-mounted far-UVC reduced pathogens near sinks by at least 1.5 log in 45 minutes, improved by a reflective film.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Protocol: phase II trial of 222 nm far-UVC for preventing infections in long-term care facilitiesKristensen et al., 2024
Published protocol for the Danish phase II trial of far-UVC in long-term care facilities, set up before results were collected.
Protocol · Field / in use Read the source →
A novel approach for safe and automated implementation of far ultraviolet-C light decontamination in clinical areasMemic et al., 2024
A wall-mounted far-UVC device that switches off when people are detected reduced MRSA in a patient room and equipment room, and the presence detection worked as intended.
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Inhibition of bacterial growth on sinks of a paediatric intensive care unit using a 222-nm far ultraviolet irradiation device (Care222)Mizuno & Kasai, 2024
Evaluated a 222 nm device for reducing bacterial growth on sinks in a paediatric intensive care unit.
Journal of Hospital Infection · Field / in use Read the source →
Preventing Respiratory Viral Illness Invisibly (PRiVII): protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized trial evaluating far-UVC light devices in long-term care facilities to reduce infectionsNix et al., 2024
Protocol for a multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cluster-randomised trial testing whether far-UVC reduces respiratory viral illness in long-term care facilities.
Trials · Field / in use Read the source →
Microbial contamination of spittoons and germicidal effect of irradiation with krypton chloride excimer lamps (Far UV-C 222 nm)Tanimoto et al., 2024
Identified the bioburden of dental spittoons and showed that filtered 222 nm inactivates oral streptococci and enterococci found there.
PLoS ONE · Field / in use Read the source →
Filtered handheld far-ultraviolet disinfection device in reducing environmental pathogens from high-touch clinical surfacesYaghi et al., 2024
Evaluated a handheld 222 nm device for reducing bacterial loads on high-touch surfaces in clinical workrooms of a cancer centre.
Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology · Field / in use Read the source →
The new 222-nm far ultraviolet-C lowers bacterial contamination to endoscopists during esophagogastroduodenoscopyFukutoku et al., 2023
During upper endoscopy procedures, 222 nm irradiation lowered bacterial contamination reaching the endoscopists' gowns compared with procedures without it.
DEN Open · Field / in use Read the source →
Far-UVC radiation for disinfecting hands or gloves?Hessling et al., 2023
Tested 222 nm at 23 and 100 mJ/cm² on contaminated hands and gloves and compared it with an alcohol-based hand disinfectant.
Pathogens · Human study Read the source →
The abundance of the potential pathogen Staphylococcus hominis in the air microbiome in a dental clinic and its susceptibility to far-UVC lightMuro et al., 2023
Staphylococcus hominis was the most abundant airborne bacterium in a dental clinic, and laboratory tests established its susceptibility constant to 222 nm for on-site planning.
MicrobiologyOpen · Field / in use Read the source →
Efficacy of a filtered far-UVC handheld disinfection device in reducing the microbial bioburden of hospital surfacesNavarathna et al., 2023
Compared a handheld 222 nm device with sodium hypochlorite wipes on 86 hospital surfaces, measuring bioburden before and after each method.
American Journal of Infection Control · Field / in use Read the source →
Disinfection capabilities of a 222 nm wavelength ultraviolet lighting device: a pilot studyGoh et al., 2021
In 16 patients with pressure ulcers, 87% of 222 nm sessions reduced bacterial counts, with complete clearance in 29%.
Journal of Wound Care · Human study Read the source →
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination of hospital-use-only mobile phones and efficacy of 222-nm ultraviolet disinfectionKaiki et al., 2021
10% of doctors' hospital phones carried MRSA. 222 nm at 9–15 mJ/cm² reduced MRSA by about 3–4 log on test surfaces and reduced bacteria on the phones.
American Journal of Infection Control · Field / in use Read the source →
A new far-UVC based method for germ free hospitals and travel: Initus-VOlcay et al., 2021
Describes a system concept combining far-UVC, UVC-resistant textiles and goggles for use in hospitals, crowded public places and travel.
medRxiv (preprint) · Review Read the source →
Public spaces & transport
Susceptibility of microbes to far-UVC light (222 nm) on spacecraft and cleanroom surfacesPetersen et al., 2025
Tested UV-resistant microbes on eight spacecraft and cleanroom materials; surface properties affected how quickly the most resistant species was inactivated.
Microbiology Spectrum · Lab Read the source →
222 nm far-UVC light markedly reduces the level of infectious airborne virus in an occupied roomBuonanno et al., 2024
In an occupied room, four ceiling-mounted 222 nm fixtures operating within exposure limits reduced airborne infectious virus (murine norovirus) by 99.8%.
Scientific Reports · Field / in use Read the source →
Future disinfection of touch screens by far-UVC-LEDs? A feasibility studySicks et al., 2024
236 nm far-UVC LEDs reduced staphylococci on a touch-screen model by about 90% within around 5 seconds.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · Lab Read the source →
SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on hard non-porous airplane cabin material surfaces was limited after exposure to far UV-C (222 nm) radiationWilson et al., 2024
On airplane cabin materials, 222 nm alone did not reliably achieve a 99.9% reduction of SARS-CoV-2 at the doses tested.
Journal of Applied Microbiology · Lab Read the source →
Development of far-UVC-based surface disinfection prototype for public busesDrungilas et al., 2023
Developed and tested a 222 nm surface disinfection prototype in a 12 m city bus, identifying optimal light positions, disinfection times and energy use.
Applied Sciences · Field / in use Read the source →
Systematical investigations on disinfection effectiveness of far-UVC (222 nm) irradiation: from laboratory study to field testsXie et al., 2022
Combined laboratory tests with field tests in an operating public lift, showing far-UVC inactivation of bacteria, viruses and fungi on surfaces.
Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology · Field / in use Read the source →
Pilot study on the decontamination efficacy of an installed 222-nm ultraviolet disinfection device (Care222™), with a motion sensor, in a shared bathroomKitagawa et al., 2021
A motion-sensor-controlled 222 nm device reduced bacterial contamination on surfaces in a shared bathroom compared with an untreated bathroom.
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · Field / in use Read the source →
Planning & modelling
Cost–benefit analysis of far-UVC lamps for reducing indoor infection transmission in Switzerland and GermanyMatysik et al., 2026
Used CERN's CAiMIRA model to estimate the costs and benefits of far-UVC in restaurants, offices and waiting rooms under normal winter and pandemic scenarios.
Global Health Economics and Sustainability · Modelling Read the source →
GUV installations demonstrate effectiveness and exposure safety in field settingsAbboushi et al., 2025
Measured 15 real far-UVC and upper-room installations: most stayed within eye and skin exposure limits, and facility managers and occupants were surveyed on satisfaction.
Environmental Science & Technology · Field / in use Read the source →
Inactivating airborne pathogens indoors with 222-nm far-UVC systems: insights from a CFD-based analysis and a predictive performance modelCummings et al., 2025
575 simulations varying room size, occupancy, lamp layout and airflow produced a predictive model to help designers plan far-UVC installations.
Building and Environment · Modelling Read the source →
UVC light for airborne epidemic spread preventionInsero et al., 2025
Book chapter on the role of UVC, including far-UVC, in limiting the airborne spread of epidemics.
Springer (book chapter) · Review Read the source →
CFD evaluation of far-UVC and air cleaning technologies in classrooms without mechanical ventilationPark et al., 2025
Simulated a classroom: ceiling-mounted far-UVC reduced airborne pathogen exposure up to 30% more than other configurations, with a small rise in ozone of 0.1–0.6 ppb.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Modelling Read the source →
Comparative performance and environmental evaluation of 222 and 254 nm UV lamps for in-duct air disinfection in building systemsPatel & Zhong, 2025
In ducts, 254 nm output varied with air temperature and velocity, while 222 nm output was largely unaffected.
Journal of Building Physics · Lab Read the source →
Enhancing the effectiveness of bioaerosol disinfection in indoor environments by optimizing far-UVC lamp locations based on Markov chain modelHuang et al., 2024
Developed a fast, validated method for optimising where far-UVC lamps are installed to maximise airborne disinfection.
Science of the Total Environment · Modelling Read the source →
Experimental study on the effect of light source arrangements on the disinfection performance of upper-room 222 nm far-UVCWang et al., 2024
In a full-size chamber, a 45° irradiation angle gave the highest average irradiance and best airborne disinfection among the lamp arrangements tested.
Journal of Hazardous Materials · Lab Read the source →
Evaluation of single-pass disinfection performance of far-UVC light on airborne microorganisms in duct flowsZhang & Lai, 2022
Measured far-UVC single-pass inactivation of airborne bacteria and a phage in a full-scale duct and compared it with 254 nm at different air velocities.
Environmental Science & Technology · Lab Read the source →
Turn up the lights, leave them on and shine them all around – numerical simulations point the way to more efficient use of far-UVC lights for the inactivation of airborne coronavirusWood et al., 2021
Simulated a classroom and compared upper-room UV with far-UVC, showing how fixture number, placement and irradiance determine far-UVC effectiveness.
Photochemistry and Photobiology · Modelling Read the source →
Predicting airborne coronavirus inactivation by far-UVC in populated rooms using a high-fidelity coupled radiation-CFD modelBuchan et al., 2020
A radiation and airflow model of a ventilated room showed far-UVC within exposure limits increased disinfection rates by a further 50–85% compared with ventilation alone.
Scientific Reports · Modelling Read the source →
See what far-UVC can do in your space
UV Medico's simulation program models efficacy and safety together — geometry, surfaces, occupancy and how the space is used — rather than an idealised box. Every UV222 installation is designed with an installation-specific exposure assessment.